We've been given the first name and last name in cell E6, Marisol Appell. It may be the case that we want to change the case of this. We may want to use all caps lock. In order to do this, we can use the upper function. Upper function says take the text given in E6 and then turn it all into uppercase. Alternatively, you may want to have it all in lowercase, so use the lower function again go to cell E6, turns it all into lower. However, if we were given all of our information in caps or all of our information in lower it could be the case that we want to capitalize the first letters of each name in which case we can use the proper function. The proper function can be applied to either of the previous two to just capitalize the first letter of each word. Really useful when looking at names. Lastly, if we look at this 57% exam grade, at the moment, that is left aligned. Left aligned means it's being read as text. Excel isn't working out that this is a value and unfortunately we can't do any calculations on it at the moment. I could quite laboriously go into each cell, press enter, and now Excel works out that that is a number and it changes it to 0.57. However, I'd like to avoid going into each cell and pressing enter if I can, 'cause it's gonna take me a long time. So instead, you can use the value function. The value function, take the information from D6 and it works out that this is a value. So if I press enter, it'll now give me 0.57 if I show the two decimal places. I can now apply a percentage cell sign myself. That along with each of the other items can now be copied down and it very quickly applies the upper, lower, proper, and value functions to all of that information.