Let's take a look at a principle protected participation note or PPPN using a concrete example.

This structured product guarantees the return of the principle at maturity while also giving the investor exposure to potential gains from an underlying asset.

In this example, the note has a maturity of three years, and the underlying asset is the s and p 500 index.

The investor's return is based on the performance of the index.

Since the investor will receive a coupon, which will equate to 76.78% any positive performance of the index, since the coupon level is the maximum of zero or the 76.78% of the return, and since the participation level is set at 100% of the initial index level, this means that if the index generates a negative return, the investor will receive nothing, but also nothing will have to be paid out by the investor.

If the underlying index is 12% above the initial level, at the maturity of this note, the investor would receive back the initial investment plus an additional return of 76.78% of 12%, which amounts to approximately 9.2% based on an investment of a hundred thousand dollars.

This translates to a payout of $9,230.60 in addition to the original principle.

However, if the index remains flat or declines, the investors simply gets back the initial investment with no capital loss incurred.

Now, looking at the diagram, what does this payoff remind you of? It closely resembles the payoff of a call option with a strike price set at the initial index level.

The investor benefits from index appreciation above this level, but does not risk losing principle if the market declines.

This raises an important question.

How can an investor receive these potential gains while still having full capital protection? Is this free money? Not quite.

The trade off is that the investor gives up interest they would otherwise have received on a deposit for the duration of the note in this case, three years.

Instead of earning interest on a traditional deposit, the bank uses that foregone interest to purchase the embedded call option, which provides the equity participation return for the note.

Let's now take a closer look at how banks structure PPNs.

The key question here is how does the bank ensure capital protection while still offering participation in market upside? When an investor purchases A-P-P-P-N, the bank receives the full investment amount upfront.

This money is then allocated into various components.

First, the majority of the funds are used to purchase a zero coupon bond that matures at the same time as the note.

This bond ensures that the bank can repay the investor's principle in full at maturity.

Regardless of how the underlying asset performs, the cost of this bond will depend on the prevailing market interest rates.

When rates are high, the bond is cheaper, leaving more money available for other components.

In our example, the issuing bank's three year funding rate is given at 4.5% per year.

The cost of a zero coupon bond that guarantees full repayment at maturity is determined by discounting the future value of 100 investment size.

Using this funding rate, the formula used is 100% divided by one plus the funding rate of 4.5% raised to the power of three to account for the three year term.

This gives a bond price of 87.6297.

If the interest rate were higher, for example, five and 5%, the cost of the bond would drop to 85.1614, meaning more money would be left over for other components of the note.

Once the capital protection component is secured, the bank also keeps a small portion of the investment as its own fee, which slightly reduces the amount that can be allocated to the next component.

The option, in our example, the bank charges a fee of half a percent, which means that after deducting both the cost of the zero coupon bond and the fee, the amount available to spend on the option is calculated as 100 minus the bond price of 87.6297 minus the fee of 0.5.

This leaves 11.8703% of the original investment or 11.8703 to purchase the option.

This remaining amount is then used to buy a call option on the underlying asset, which in this case is the s and p 500 index.

The amount available for the option premium directly determines how much of the indexes gains the investor can participate in, or in other words, the participation rate. The lower the cost Of the option, the higher the participation rate.

In equity derivatives, option premiums are typically quoted in US dollars per share.

In our example, the pricing system shows an option premium of 15.46%, meaning that it costs 15.46 US dollars to buy an option with the face amount of 100 US dollars.

However, because only 11.8703% is available to spend, the investor cannot buy a full face amount of 100% of the investment.

Instead, the total amount of options that can be purchased is found by dividing the available funds of 11.8703% by the cost per option of 15.46%, which results in a participation rate of 76.78%.

So what determines how much participation an investor gets? Several factors play a role here.

Higher interest rates reduce the cost of the zero coupon bond, leaving more funds available for the option which increases the participation rate.

The price of the option also matters if implied volatility is low, or if the forward price of the underlying asset is lower relative to spot, the option becomes cheaper, allowing for greater participation.

If the participation rate looks too low, structures have ways to adjust it.

One common approach is to modify the options strike price by setting it above 100% of the initial index level.

For example, at 105%.

This makes the option cheaper and increases the participation rate, but will mean that the underlying asset will have to increase by 5% before any gain is received.

Another way to improve participation is by offering longer dated notes.

Although longer dated options are more expensive, the lower cost of the zero coupon bond resulting from more years worth of discounting can more than offset this, improving the participation rate and making the overall structure more attractive.

Now, looking at this breakdown, what do you think would make these notes more appealing to investors? When interest rates were close to zero structuring these products became challenging, especially for shorter maturities because there was little money left to buy the option in response structures, extended maturities or designed products with lower levels of principle protection, for example, 95% instead of 100%, which requires less of the zero coupon bond to Be purchased, freeing up additional funds for option purchases.

Equity market conditions also play a key role when volatility is low or when forward prices are more favorable.

Option costs decrease making these products more compelling.

This structuring process highlights the delicate balance between capital protection, market participation, and structuring constraints.

Understanding these mechanics helps investors evaluate the trade offs involved in structured products.