For an example of anchoring in one experiment subjects were asked to estimate the percentage of United Nations countries that are African more specifically before giving a percentage. They were asked whether their guests was higher or lower than a roulette wheel predetermined to stop at 10 or 65 their subsequent estimates were significantly affected by that initial number those who were asked to compare their estimates to 10 subsequently estimated 25% on average while those who compared to 65 estimated 45% yet another example of anchoring firstly add 400 to the last three digits of your phone number and write it down now ask yourself whether Attila the Hun invaded France before or after that year.

Secondly, what date do you think Attila the Hun actually invaded write down that answer too? This experiment was conducted by Russo and Shoemaker in 1989 asking 500 MBA candidates when Attila invaded France critically, they were first asked to generate a random date based on their phone numbers despite knowing the number was irrelevant. It's still influenced their judgment when the date happens to range between 400 and 599 the candidates guess on average that Attila was defeated in 626 ad but when the generated date is between 1200 and 1399, they guess 988 ad what range did your guests fall into and how did it compare to attila's Invasion data 451 ad was your judgment influenced kind of interversky called this phenomenon anchoring because the arbitrary figures served as an anchor from which these people subsequent judgments do not stray ever haggle over the price of a house. If so, the phenomenon will be agonizingly familiar the sellers asking price acts as an anchor, although the buyer knows that such figures are often inflated.

Research analysts forecast companies earnings per share, but their forecast of one company's EPS is affected by the level of VPS of other companies in the peer group. So investors will get higher returns from buying companies with relatively high levels of eps compared to their peers.

In other words in making investment decisions investors are usually more influenced by how the information is presented. Then what information is presented behavioral characteristics that can be attributed to frame dependence include the following loss aversion the reluctance to realize a loss investors feel the pain of a loss greater than the joy of a gain so they will hold on to Investments with substantial losses only because they want to avoid the pain of feeling the realized loss disposition bias a function of loss aversion avoiding actions in fear that they may be wrong fear in making the wrong decision could lead to investors being conservative and staying in stable Investments to avoid regret. Also instead of selling a winning investment. They may use other cash flow to avoid the regret of it going higher which could lead to a riskier portfolio than appropriate.

Self-control the lack of self-control around investment decisions success in investing doesn't correlate with IQ. What you need is the temperament to control the urges that get other people into trouble investing example an investor that tends to spend above their means may take on more risk in their portfolio than is proper to offset the excess spending the money illusion the failure to factor in inflation or deflation correctly people tend to think in nominal amounts and not in real amounts that factor in inflation. This may lead to overly positive reactions to Absolute returns without taking to account inflation or how long it took to obtain those returns very prevalent in real estate as homes can double or triple in value over a lifetime. But if you do the analysis the yearly real gains may be modest in a lot of cases.

Diversity and condiment conducted a series of experiments asking participants to select a treatment in a hypothetical life and death situation treatment a was chosen by 72% of participants when presented with positive framing this dropped to 22% when presented with negative framing.

consider these two options it sure gain of 100 or a 50% chance to gain 200 and a 50% chance to gain zero 72% chose option one and 28% chose option two. Now, let's take a look at the second case.

A sure loss of 100 or a 50% chance to lose 200 and a 50% chance to lose 0 36% shows option one 64% chose option two. The majority choice is risk averse in case one in Risk seeking in case two although the two problems are essentially identical.

Evidence suggests. We try to avoid the feeling of regret as much as possible and often we will go to Great Lengths sometimes illogical lengths to avoid having to own the feeling of regret by not selling the position and locking in a loss a Trader does not have to deal with regret although evidence suggests that even professional investors have loss aversion biases. They're reduced compared with retail or non-professional investors.

confirmation bias is the tendency to interpret favor and recall information supporting prior beliefs or values distorting evidence-based decision making for example value investors focus on low multiple in particularly Price to Book value stocks research suggests. They under react to good information and can overreact to bad information.

Conversely glamor investors who favor high growth in typically High multiple stocks tend to under react to bad information, but can overreact to good information.